The political division of Egypt into Upper (south and upriver) and Lower (north and downriver) portions stems from the country's climate and physical geography. Upper Egypt, lying south of the delta's apex, is a narrow and fertile ribbon flanked by barren desert. The air is extremely dry with temperatures averaging 122 degrees Fahrenheit in summer and 68 degrees Fahrenheit in winter. Upper Egyptians lived along the valley's edge, mostly in rural villages above the floodplain. The inhospitable desert served as a natural defense, precluding any need for fortifications against aggressive Middle Eastern neighbors. In early dynastic times, a strong central government ruled from Nekhen. The pharaoh which controlled the government was adorned by a conical white crown and took the sedge plant as his emblem. Lower Egypt - the delta - had highly productive land with a temperate climate. The average summer temperature was 86 degrees Fahrenheit and in winter 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Lower Egyptians lived in scattered settlements among the radiating arms of the delta. They formed loose associations of independent districts without strong central rule. Their pharaoh ruled from Buto and wore a red crown with a bee as his symbol.
